Aspirantship

  Introduction 2.        A Brief History of Constitutional Development 3.       Federalism under 1973 Constitution 4.       Constitutional Amendments 5.       The 18th Amendment to the Constitution 6.       Strengthening of the Parliamentary System of Pakistan 6.1.             Revoking Article 58(2)B (President = PM powers) 6.2.             Role of the Senate was also enhanced (23 senator from each province) 6.3.             Article 91(4) (cabinet member = responsible = Senate/NA) 6.4.             Article 89 (ordinance = X = in the absence of Senate/NA) 7.       Administrative Relations Between Centre and Provinces 7.1.             Revision of Article 140 (A) (transfer of authority, creation of LG) 7.2.             Revised Article 144 (right to repeal or amend) 7.3.             Improved Article 156 (improved NEC) 7.4.             Amendment of Article 160 (A) (NFC award = share increased to 57.5%) 7.5.             Amendment of Article 172(3) (equal sharing

Allama Iqbal's Concept of Nationalism   Allama Iqbal believed that Islam constructed nationality out of the purely abstract idea, a common spiritual aspiration. In Islam the concept of nationality had no material basis like territory, race, colour, language, script or mode of dress. The sense of solidarity among he Muslim peoples really depended on like-mindedness on a certain view of the world and commitment to sacrifice ones life in defense of this ideal. Allama Iqbal believed that for a Muslim, Islam was by itself nationalism as well & patriotism. According to Allama Iqbal, Islam transcended all blood relationships and al territorial attachments. It demanded exclusively loyalty to Allah and not to Sovereign Loyalty to Allah implied in Iqbal's terms, "loyalty to one's own ideal self. Allama Iqbal clearl mentioned his views about the abolition of the so-called caliphate and the subsequent growt or republican spirit in the Muslim countries at his times that it wa

Allama Iqbal’s Concept of Ijtihad Introduction Allama Iqbal was a prominent Muslim philosopher, poet, and political leader who lived in the early 20th century. He was deeply committed to Islam and devoted much of his work to exploring Islamic philosophy, literature, and politics. One of his most important contributions to Islamic thought was his concept of Ijtihad, or independent reasoning. Ijtihad: Definition and Importance According to Iqbal, Ijtihad is the process of using one's intellect to derive new rulings or interpretations of Islamic law based on the principles of the Quran and the Sunnah. He believed that Ijtihad was an essential tool for Muslims to adapt to changing circumstances and to address new challenges. For Iqbal, Islam was not a static religion but a dynamic and evolving tradition that required constant reinterpretation and adaptation. Ijtihad vs. Traditional Approaches to Islamic Jurisprudence Iqbal's concept of Ijtihad stood in contrast to more traditional

  1.      Legislative Powers: The Constitution places all law-making powers in the hands of the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee. Being a unicameral legislature of a unitary state, the National People’s Congress can make laws on all subjects either by itself or as suggested by its Standing Committee. In effect, the NPC enacts and amends basic statutes (a written law) relating to criminal offences, civil affairs, state organs and other matters which the Congress may deem it fit, necessary and expedient to legislate. On all other subjects, the 1982 Constitution gives legislative power to the Standing Committee. Previously all law-making powers were theoretically in the hands of the NPC but used to be really exercised by its Standing Committee. This informal arrangement has been formally recognized by the Constitution of 1982. Now the Standing Committee and the NPC share the law-making powers. All the law-making powers of the NPC are exercised by its Standin

  SALIENT FEATURES OF JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN FRANCE 1. Subordinate Position of Judiciary: The principle of separation of powers did not find favor with the framers of the French Constitution. As such, in the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, Judiciary has been given a subordinate position, subordinate to the executive. The composition of the Judiciary has been left in the hands of the Government. Judges in France work under the Minister of the Judicial Department. However, after the creation of the Higher Council of Magistracy and a special statute for the membership of the judicial bodies, the independence of the Judiciary has been somewhat strengthened. 2. Codified Laws: A special feature of the French Judicial System is the existence of laws in the form of codes. The credit for the codification of all the laws goes to Napoleon for it was he who ordered the codification of all laws of France. The law codes of France are of the following five types: 1. Penal Code,